HYDROTHERMAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE BIOFUELS: A TECHNO-ECONOMIC REVIEW

Resumo

The rapid increase in waste generation from industrial, municipal, and domestic sources, coupled with stricter environmental regulations, highlights the need for innovative residues valorization routes. Concurrently, global decarbonization goals and climate neutrality commitments have driven the search for technologies that reduce fossil fuel emissions. In this context, hydrothermal processes are gaining attention for their role in converting biomass into valuable products such as biofuels. Hydrothermal processes, including hydrothermal carbonization, liquefaction, and gasification, operate under distinct conditions to produce solid, liquid, or gaseous products. This review evaluates the scale and economic aspects of HTC and HTL processes, highlighting their potential in waste valorization and biofuel production.